--- backend/usb-darwin.c	2026-04-28 01:13:21.000000000 +0800
+++ backend/usb-darwin.c	2026-06-08 21:20:30.000000000 +0800
@@ -73,13 +73,13 @@
 #include <asl.h>
 #include <spawn.h>
 #include <pthread.h>
+#include <crt_externs.h>
 
-/*
- * Include necessary headers.
- */
-
-extern char **environ;
+#define environ (*_NSGetEnviron())
 
+#ifndef kIOMainPortDefault
+#define kIOMainPortDefault kIOMasterPortDefault
+#endif
 
 /*
  * DEBUG_WRITES, if defined, causes the backend to write data to the printer in
@@ -1549,6 +1549,32 @@
 	return intf;
 }
 
+typedef struct {
+  IOUSBDevRequestTO   request;
+  printer_interface_t printer;
+} send_request_ctx_t;
+
+static IOReturn
+send_device_id_request(send_request_ctx_t *ctx, size_t size)
+{
+  char *buffer;
+
+  if (ctx->request.pData)
+  {
+    free(ctx->request.pData);
+    ctx->request.wLength = 0;
+    ctx->request.pData   = NULL;
+  }
+
+  buffer = malloc(size);
+  if (buffer == NULL)
+    return kIOReturnNoMemory;
+
+  ctx->request.wLength = HostToUSBWord(size);
+  ctx->request.pData   = buffer;
+  return (*ctx->printer)->ControlRequestTO(ctx->printer, 0, &ctx->request);
+}
+
 static CFStringRef copy_printer_interface_deviceid(printer_interface_t printer, UInt8 alternateSetting)
 {
 	// I have tried to make this function as neat as I can, but the possibility of needing to resend
@@ -1576,62 +1602,47 @@
 	if ((*printer)->GetConfigurationValue( printer, &configurationIndex) == kIOReturnSuccess &&
 			(*printer)->GetInterfaceNumber( printer, &interfaceNumber) == kIOReturnSuccess)
 	{
-		__block IOUSBDevRequestTO	request;
-		IOReturn (^sendRequest)(size_t) = ^ (size_t size)
-		{
-			if (request.pData)
-			{
-				free(request.pData);
-				request.wLength = 0;
-				request.pData = NULL;
-			}
+    send_request_ctx_t ctx;
 
-			IOReturn berr = kIOReturnError;
-			char *buffer = malloc(size);
-			if (buffer == NULL)
-				return kIOReturnNoMemory;
-
-			request.wLength = HostToUSBWord(size);
-			request.pData = buffer;
-			berr = (*printer)->ControlRequestTO(printer, 0, &request);
-			return berr;
-		};
+    /* IOKit returns 1-based configuration index; request wants 0-based */
+    configurationIndex -= 1;
 
-		/* This request takes the 0 based configuration index. IOKit returns a 1 based configuration index */
-		configurationIndex -= 1;
-
-		memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+    memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));
+    ctx.printer = printer;
 
-		request.bmRequestType		= USBmakebmRequestType(kUSBIn, kUSBClass, kUSBInterface);
-		request.bRequest			= kUSBPrintClassGetDeviceID;
-		request.wValue				= HostToUSBWord(configurationIndex);
-		request.wIndex				= HostToUSBWord(pack_device_id_wIndex(interfaceNumber, alternateSetting));
-		request.noDataTimeout		= kDefaultNoDataTimeout;
-		request.completionTimeout	= 0; // Copying behavior from Generic Class Driver
+    ctx.request.bmRequestType   = USBmakebmRequestType(kUSBIn, kUSBClass, kUSBInterface);
+    ctx.request.bRequest        = kUSBPrintClassGetDeviceID;
+    ctx.request.wValue          = HostToUSBWord(configurationIndex);
+    ctx.request.wIndex          = HostToUSBWord(pack_device_id_wIndex(interfaceNumber, alternateSetting));
+    ctx.request.noDataTimeout   = kDefaultNoDataTimeout;
+    ctx.request.completionTimeout = 0; // Copying behavior from Generic Class Driver
 
-		err = sendRequest(bufferLength);
+    err = send_device_id_request(&ctx, bufferLength);
 
-		if (err == kIOReturnSuccess && request.wLenDone > 1)
-		{
-			UInt16 actualLength = OSSwapBigToHostInt16(*((UInt16 *)request.pData));
+    if (err == kIOReturnSuccess && ctx.request.wLenDone > 1)
+    {
+      UInt16 actualLength = OSSwapBigToHostInt16(*((UInt16 *)ctx.request.pData));
 
-			if (actualLength > 2 && actualLength <= bufferLength - 2)
-			{
-				ret = CFStringCreateWithBytes(NULL, (const UInt8 *)request.pData + 2, actualLength - 2, kCFStringEncodingUTF8, false);
-			}
-			else if (actualLength > 2) {
-				err = sendRequest(actualLength);
-				if (err == kIOReturnSuccess && request.wLenDone > 0)
-				{
-					actualLength = OSSwapBigToHostInt16(*((UInt16 *)request.pData));
-					ret = CFStringCreateWithBytes(NULL, (const UInt8 *)request.pData + 2, actualLength - 2, kCFStringEncodingUTF8, false);
-				}
-			}
-		}
+      if (actualLength > 2 && actualLength <= bufferLength - 2)
+      {
+        ret = CFStringCreateWithBytes(NULL, (const UInt8 *)ctx.request.pData + 2,
+                                      actualLength - 2, kCFStringEncodingUTF8, false);
+      }
+      else if (actualLength > 2)
+      {
+        err = send_device_id_request(&ctx, actualLength);
+        if (err == kIOReturnSuccess && ctx.request.wLenDone > 0)
+        {
+          actualLength = OSSwapBigToHostInt16(*((UInt16 *)ctx.request.pData));
+          ret = CFStringCreateWithBytes(NULL, (const UInt8 *)ctx.request.pData + 2,
+                                        actualLength - 2, kCFStringEncodingUTF8, false);
+        }
+      }
+    }
 
-		if (request.pData)
-			free(request.pData);
-	}
+    if (ctx.request.pData)
+      free(ctx.request.pData);
+    }
 
 	CFStringRef manufacturer = deviceIDCopyManufacturer(ret);
 	CFStringRef model = deviceIDCopyModel(ret);